THE BOOK OF LIGHT · EVIDENCE

Complete source register

Open a record to inspect its details and follow its source links.

reviewed on

2026-10-04

scope

Original summaries and source metadata. External publications retain their own rights; full protected standards are not mirrored.

sources

Our Sun: Facts

id: source-3c409e8cc1b6
title: Our Sun: Facts
url: https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/
publisher: NASA
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: sun
tl-sun
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
/sun.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire at Wonderwerk Cave

id: source-be001f538809
title: Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire at Wonderwerk Cave
url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117620109
publisher: Berna et al. · PNAS · 2012
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: fire
tl-fire
used on: /fire.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Earliest evidence of making fire

id: source-5b15db97a0d6
title: Earliest evidence of making fire
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09855-6
publisher: Davis et al. · Nature · 2025/2026
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: barnham
tl-barnham
used on: /fire.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

The conquest of the dark spaces

id: source-9cca7b0e0a70
title: The conquest of the dark spaces
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250497
publisher: Medina-Alcaide et al. · PLOS ONE · 2021
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: cave
tl-cave
used on: /fire.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Terracotta oil lamp · Roman · 1st century CE

id: source-27bcbcbbdfb4
title: Terracotta oil lamp · Roman · 1st century CE
url: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/246270
publisher: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: roman
tl-roman
image-stage-1
used on: /lamps.html
/lighting-timeline.html
/modern.html
/reference.html
reuse rights: Public domain; Met Open Access
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Moon Viewing Tips

id: source-803aa9b5b912
title: Moon Viewing Tips
url: https://science.nasa.gov/moon/viewing-tips/
publisher: NASA
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: moon
used on: /sun.html

Candle chemistry

id: source-11ad791ea82c
title: Candle chemistry
url: https://www.rigb.org/learning/activities-and-resources/candle-chemistry
publisher: Royal Institution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: wick
used on: /lamps.html

Oil lamp · Nishapur · 9th century

id: source-88239938f6b7
title: Oil lamp · Nishapur · 9th century
url: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449344
publisher: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: nishapur
tl-nishapur
used on: /lamps.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Kachemak lamp · AD 500–1100

id: source-d158718c6f60
title: Kachemak lamp · AD 500–1100
url: https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/arctic-subarctic/049236.html
publisher: Smithsonian · National Museum of the American Indian
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: arctic
tl-arctic
used on: /lamps.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Artificial light in Georgian England

id: source-7b3ec11b8422
title: Artificial light in Georgian England
url: https://www.soane.org/exhibitions/georgian-illuminations/lighting
publisher: Sir John Soane’s Museum
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: candles
tl-candles
used on: /lamps.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Object Story: A Short History of Lighting

id: source-8e64b01c5102
title: Object Story: A Short History of Lighting
url: https://www.huntington.org/digital-classroom-resources/object-story-short-history-lighting
publisher: The Huntington
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: huntington
used on: /lamps.html

Argand lamp · circular wick and chimney

id: source-790a483a6ba0
title: Argand lamp · circular wick and chimney
url: https://emuseum.history.org/objects/50103/argand-lamp
publisher: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: argand
tl-argand
used on: /brighter-flames.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Whale Oil Lamp

id: source-219b33dbcf90
title: Whale Oil Lamp
url: https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_317916
publisher: Smithsonian
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: whale
used on: /brighter-flames.html

The early days

id: source-b7b6fcb5136a
title: The early days
url: https://www.nationalgasmuseum.org.uk/discover/the-early-days/
publisher: National Gas Museum
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: gas
tl-gas
used on: /brighter-flames.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Gas lighting

id: source-9929bd7a9a85
title: Gas lighting
url: https://www.nationalgasmuseum.org.uk/discover/gas-lighting/
publisher: National Gas Museum
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: mantle
tl-mantle
used on: /brighter-flames.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Fresnel Lens

id: source-84fb6ce59676
title: Fresnel Lens
url: https://www.nps.gov/articles/fresnel-lens.htm
publisher: National Park Service
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: fresnel
fresnel-nps-optics
tl-fresnel
used on: /brighter-flames.html
/fresnel-lighthouse.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Lime-light consumables

id: source-3d7a3b918c96
title: Lime-light consumables
url: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8420285/lime-light-consumables
publisher: Science Museum Group
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: lime
used on: /brighter-flames.html

Carbide Lamps

id: source-7c7497e9382f
title: Carbide Lamps
url: https://www.si.edu/spotlight/mining-lights-and-hats/carbide-lamps
publisher: Smithsonian
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: carbide
used on: /brighter-flames.html

19th Century Preconditions

id: source-ca43a2fc3ed2
title: 19th Century Preconditions
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/19thcent/prec19.htm
publisher: Smithsonian · Lighting a Revolution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: arc
tl-arc
used on: /electricity.html
/lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Joseph W. Swan

id: source-1640126da8fc
title: Joseph W. Swan
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/bios/swan.htm
publisher: Smithsonian · Lighting a Revolution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: swan
swan_smithsonian
used on: /electricity.html
/swan-and-edison.html

The Electric Light System

id: source-09af9a54d954
title: The Electric Light System
url: https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/kidsyouth/the-electric-light-system-phonograph-motion-pictures.htm
publisher: National Park Service
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: edison
tl-edison
edison_system
used on: /electricity.html
/lighting-timeline.html
/swan-and-edison.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

The History of the Light Bulb

id: source-fa1ec263bc8b
title: The History of the Light Bulb
url: https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb
publisher: U.S. Department of Energy
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: doe
tl-doe
holonyak_doe
used on: /blue-led-pioneers.html
/electricity.html
/lighting-timeline.html
/modern.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

20th Century Preconditions

id: source-581e174b6808
title: 20th Century Preconditions
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/prec20.htm
publisher: Smithsonian · Lighting a Revolution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: neon
used on: /modern.html

Low pressure sodium lamp, type Na-10

id: source-75a9227e6b4f
title: Low pressure sodium lamp, type Na-10
url: https://www.si.edu/object/low-pressure-sodium-lamp-type-na-10%3Anmah_751238
publisher: Smithsonian
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: sodium
used on: /modern.html

Mercury vapor lamp, type H1

id: source-64ef095afd14
title: Mercury vapor lamp, type H1
url: https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_702000
publisher: Smithsonian
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: mercury
used on: /modern.html

20th Century Invention

id: source-5d82d804f67a
title: 20th Century Invention
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/invent20.htm
publisher: Smithsonian · Lighting a Revolution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: modern
used on: /modern.html

20th Century Timelines

id: source-72083f38206b
title: 20th Century Timelines
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/scripts/s20t.htm
publisher: Smithsonian · Lighting a Revolution
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: timeline
used on: /modern.html

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014

id: source-2f2d7b5d1526
title: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014
url: https://www.kva.se/en/news/nobelpriset-i-fysik-2014-2/
publisher: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: blue
tl-blue
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
/modern.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

LED Basics

id: source-c0074b6bc310
title: LED Basics
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/led-basics
publisher: U.S. Department of Energy
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: led
tech-led-basics
practice-led
used on: /electrical-drivers.html
/lighting-energy.html
/modern.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Distinguishes source efficacy from luminaire efficacy; no fixed efficacy figure is asserted here.

OLED Basics

id: source-74ae7c27cc90
title: OLED Basics
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/oled-basics
publisher: U.S. Department of Energy
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: oled
future-oled
used on: /future-lighting.html
/modern.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Supports carbon-based semiconductor structure, diffuse sheet emission and cost barriers. Undated product prices and performance figures may be historical; omitted from article. No blanket glare-free or photobiological safety claim.

60 Years of Lasers

id: source-bf61377cbdca
title: 60 Years of Lasers
url: https://www.optica.org/history/milestones/laser_60th/
publisher: Optica
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: laser
tl-laser
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
/modern.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Of Night Skies & Kerosene Lamps

id: source-6914385289cd
title: Of Night Skies & Kerosene Lamps
url: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/of-night-skies-and-kerosene-lamps.htm
publisher: National Park Service
source type: historical primary source
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: night
used on: /modern.html

Illuminating Engineering Society · Luminaire: IES definition

id: source-692ee6bcd85f
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Luminaire: IES definition
url: https://ies.org/definitions/luminaire/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-luminaire
used on: /luminaire-anatomy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · 2022 Solid-State Lighting R&D Opportunities

id: source-0d8163ba483a
title: U.S. Department of Energy · 2022 Solid-State Lighting R&D Opportunities
url: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/2022-ssl-rd-opportunities.pdf
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-system
used on: /luminaire-anatomy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Historical 2022 technical report; subsystem explanation used, not contemporary product targets.

U.S. Department of Energy · Additively Manufactured Solid-State Luminaire

id: source-9993fcce0c7e
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Additively Manufactured Solid-State Luminaire
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/articles/additively-manufactured-solid-state-luminaire
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-additive
used on: /luminaire-anatomy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Research project description, not evidence of performance for commercial products.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Luminous efficacy of a source: IES definition

id: source-e45c6327de60
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Luminous efficacy of a source: IES definition
url: https://www.ies.org/definitions/luminous-efficacy-of-a-source/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-efficacy
used on: /luminaire-anatomy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Specular reflection: IES definition

id: source-c2152af573ba
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Specular reflection: IES definition
url: https://ies.org/definitions/specular-reflection/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-specular
used on: /optics.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Diffuse reflection: IES definition

id: source-4032278daef5
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Diffuse reflection: IES definition
url: https://ies.org/definitions/diffuse-reflection/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-diffuse
used on: /optics.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Total internal reflection: IES definition

id: source-c793bda90035
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Total internal reflection: IES definition
url: https://ies.org/definitions/total-internal-reflection-tir/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-tir
used on: /optics.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · The Use of Near-Field Data for Accurate Modeling of Horticultural and Germicidal Applications

id: source-008cd123b05a
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · The Use of Near-Field Data for Accurate Modeling of Horticultural and Germicidal Applications
url: https://ies.org/fires/the-use-of-near-field-data-for-accurate-modeling-of-horticultural-and-germicidal-applications/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-nearfield
used on: /optics.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: IES FIRES explanatory article; author views are not normative IES requirements.

Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES LM-82-20: Characterization as a Function of Temperature

id: source-f560a3616d2e
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES LM-82-20: Characterization as a Function of Temperature
url: https://store.ies.org/product/lm-82-20-approved-method-characterization-of-optical-and-electrical-properties-of-solid-state-lighting-products-as-a-function-of-temperature/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-temperature
used on: /led-thermal.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / ENERGY STAR · Learn About LED Lighting

id: source-70299f619215
title: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / ENERGY STAR · Learn About LED Lighting
url: https://www.energystar.gov/products/learn-about-led-lighting
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-thermal
used on: /led-thermal.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Thermal explanation used; no assertion of current program eligibility for a specific product.

U.S. Department of Energy · LED Systems Reliability Consortium

id: source-5122b4793749
title: U.S. Department of Energy · LED Systems Reliability Consortium
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/led-systems-reliability-consortium
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-reliability
used on: /led-thermal.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · Long-Term Changes in SSL Devices as They Age

id: source-54c063dc82a8
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Long-Term Changes in SSL Devices as They Age
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/buildings/articles/doe-report-looks-long-term-changes-solid-state-lighting-ssl-devices-they
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-aging
used on: /led-thermal.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · Flicker Basics

id: source-7b55717b5f71
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Flicker Basics
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/flicker-basics
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-flicker
used on: /electrical-drivers.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · Flicker Research

id: source-564038bca806
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Flicker Research
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/flicker-research
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-flicker-research
used on: /electrical-drivers.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · The Energy and Operational Impacts of Using 0-10V Control for LED Streetlights

id: source-4c76ba987ce3
title: U.S. Department of Energy · The Energy and Operational Impacts of Using 0-10V Control for LED Streetlights
url: https://stage.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/articles/energy-and-operational-impacts-using-0-10v-control-led-streetlights
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-dimming
used on: /electrical-drivers.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Official January 2024 study summary; sample results are not universal product behavior.

Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative · Spectral Power Distribution: FADGI glossary

id: source-9418be43af76
title: Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative · Spectral Power Distribution: FADGI glossary
url: https://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/term.php?term=spectralpowerdistribution
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-spd
used on: /spectral-science.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · A Committee Q+A on the IES Online Spectral Calculator

id: source-777a59841e2a
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · A Committee Q+A on the IES Online Spectral Calculator
url: https://ies.org/lda/a-committee-qa-on-the-ies-online-spectral-calculator-2/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-spectral-calculator
used on: /spectral-science.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: June 2022 explanation of calculator and data portability; interface may change.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Show Me the Data: Characterizing Color Tunable Light Sources

id: source-07d8e4d9201a
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Show Me the Data: Characterizing Color Tunable Light Sources
url: https://elearning.ies.org/products/show-me-the-data-characterizing-the-performance-of-color-tunable-light-sources
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-tunable-ies
used on: /spectral-science.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public course description used; paid lecture not copied.

U.S. Department of Energy · Understanding LED Color-Tunable Products

id: source-12de95773396
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Understanding LED Color-Tunable Products
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/understanding-led-color-tunable-products
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-tunable-doe
used on: /spectral-science.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

U.S. Department of Energy · Technical Reports & Briefs

id: source-e80d381d06c0
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Technical Reports & Briefs
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/technical-reports-briefs
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-reports
used on: /source-desk.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES LM-84-20+E1: Measuring Optical Radiation Maintenance

id: source-c2d09f1f5c78
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES LM-84-20+E1: Measuring Optical Radiation Maintenance
url: https://store.ies.org/product/lm-84-20-approved-method-measuring-optical-radiation-maintenance-of-led-lamps-light-engines-and-luminaires/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-maintenance
used on: /source-desk.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Testing Procedures Committee

id: source-82019a8a8b1b
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Testing Procedures Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/testing-procedures/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-testing
used on: /source-desk.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source page; explanation below is original, not reproduced normative text.

Illuminating Engineering Society · IES Lighting Library Standards Collection

id: source-b76e37c1b79c
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · IES Lighting Library Standards Collection
url: https://ies.org/standards/lighting-library/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tech-library
used on: /source-desk.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Official collection directory; edition and access status must be checked for project use.

Independent Laboratory Distributors Association · Independent Laboratory Distributors Association · official home page

id: source-6b1a2cdedb1b
title: Independent Laboratory Distributors Association · Independent Laboratory Distributors Association · official home page
url: https://www.ilda.org/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: evidence-ilda-org
authority-ilda
used on: /source-desk.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Association represents laboratory equipment/supplies distributors and manufacturers. Used for sourcing context only, not lighting test accreditation, technical requirements or laboratory competence certification.

Federal Highway Administration · Lighting: Proven Safety Countermeasures

id: source-c5042e8ed7c0
title: Federal Highway Administration · Lighting: Proven Safety Countermeasures
url: https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/lighting
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-road-fhwa
used on: /roadway-design.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

U.S. Department of Transportation · FHWA Lighting Handbook resource description

id: source-766dd3b69e27
title: U.S. Department of Transportation · FHWA Lighting Handbook resource description
url: https://www.transportation.gov/grants/dot-navigator/fhwa-lighting-handbook
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-road-handbook
used on: /roadway-design.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Federal Highway Administration · Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks, FHWA-HRT-08-053

id: source-4b5935b9b42e
title: Federal Highway Administration · Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks, FHWA-HRT-08-053
url: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/08053/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-crosswalk
used on: /roadway-design.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: 2008 research context; not a universal current crosswalk criterion.

Federal Highway Administration · Vision and Fundamental Concepts, FHWA Lighting Handbook 2012

id: source-e979aa98b6d7
title: Federal Highway Administration · Vision and Fundamental Concepts, FHWA Lighting Handbook 2012
url: https://highways.fhwa.dot.gov/safety/other/visibility/fhwa-lighting-handbook-august-2012/3-vision-and-fundamental-concepts
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-road-vision
used on: /roadway-design.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-43-25: Lighting Design for Outdoor Pedestrian Applications

id: source-ca78f237a97e
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-43-25: Lighting Design for Outdoor Pedestrian Applications
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-exterior-applications/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-ped-rp43
used on: /pedestrian-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Lighting Zones, Defined: Applying ANSI/IES RP-43-25

id: source-61537de08e74
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Lighting Zones, Defined: Applying ANSI/IES RP-43-25
url: https://elearning.ies.org/products/lighting-zones-defined-applying-ansiies-rp-43-25-to-the-environments-we-light
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-ped-zones
used on: /pedestrian-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public course description reviewed; paid/registered webinar not reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Outdoor Nighttime Environment Committee

id: source-10840a7af2dd
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Outdoor Nighttime Environment Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/outdoor-nighttime-environment/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-ped-committee
used on: /pedestrian-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Sports and Recreational Areas Lighting Committee

id: source-0ef63fd94e19
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Sports and Recreational Areas Lighting Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/sports-and-recreational-areas-lighting/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-sport-committee
used on: /sports-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Committee page lists older RP-6-22; edition directory elsewhere should govern current edition.

FIFA · Stadium Guidelines: Technical Systems and Services

id: source-4b3d020a93e9
title: FIFA · Stadium Guidelines: Technical Systems and Services
url: https://publications.fifa.com/es/football-stadiums-guidelines/technical-guideline/stadium-guidelines/technical-systems-and-services/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-sport-fifa
used on: /sports-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Uses public project-planning guidance only. Excludes overbroad statement about LEDs eliminating flicker.

FIFA · Floodlight Testing Process

id: source-abebd48bfab3
title: FIFA · Floodlight Testing Process
url: https://football-technology.fifa.com/innovation/standards/floodlights/floodlight-testing-process
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-sport-testing
used on: /sports-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

UEFA · Flicker Factor Guidance, UEFA Stadium Lighting Guide 2023

id: source-f4a8056f59bc
title: UEFA · Flicker Factor Guidance, UEFA Stadium Lighting Guide 2023
url: https://documents.uefa.com/r/UEFA-Stadium-Lighting-Guide-2023-2023/Flicker-factor-guidance-Online
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-sport-uefa
used on: /sports-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-2-20: Lighting Retail Spaces

id: source-c8d46adbb845
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-2-20: Lighting Retail Spaces
url: https://store.ies.org/product/rp-2-20-recommended-practice-lighting-retail-spaces/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-retail-rp2
used on: /retail-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Retail Lighting Committee

id: source-541293dfa742
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Retail Lighting Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/retail-lighting/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-retail-committee
highgate-retail
used on: /james-highgate.html
/retail-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society / LD+A · Retail Reset: practitioner discussion

id: source-c2995afa8e56
title: Illuminating Engineering Society / LD+A · Retail Reset: practitioner discussion
url: https://ies.org/lda/retail-reset-2/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-retail-reset
highgate-2022
used on: /james-highgate.html
/modern-pioneers.html
/retail-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Practitioner interview observations; not controlled evidence of sales uplift.

Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-30-25: Lighting Museums

id: source-ebb74558d39d
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · ANSI/IES RP-30-25: Lighting Museums
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-museums/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-museum-rp30
used on: /museum-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Canadian Conservation Institute · Agent of Deterioration: Light, Ultraviolet and Infrared

id: source-f36722623c9c
title: Canadian Conservation Institute · Agent of Deterioration: Light, Ultraviolet and Infrared
url: https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/agents-deterioration/light.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-museum-light
used on: /museum-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Canadian Conservation Institute · LED Lighting in Museums and Art Galleries, Technical Bulletin 36

id: source-79c25f54d948
title: Canadian Conservation Institute · LED Lighting in Museums and Art Galleries, Technical Bulletin 36
url: https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/technical-bulletins/led-lighting-museums.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-museum-led
used on: /museum-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Dated market observations should not be treated as a description of every current LED product.

Canadian Conservation Institute · Framework for Preserving Heritage Collections

id: source-f3bd8b247d6f
title: Canadian Conservation Institute · Framework for Preserving Heritage Collections
url: https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/framework-preserving-heritage-collections.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-museum-policy
used on: /museum-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society / American Lighting Association · ANSI/IES/ALA RP-11-26: Interior and Exterior Residential Environments

id: source-b1f13fc87e2d
title: Illuminating Engineering Society / American Lighting Association · ANSI/IES/ALA RP-11-26: Interior and Exterior Residential Environments
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-for-interior-and-exterior-residential-environments/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-home-rp11
used on: /residential-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

U.S. Department of Energy · Consumer Guide to Energy-Efficient Lighting, DOE/EE-2465

id: source-f67940cbef89
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Consumer Guide to Energy-Efficient Lighting, DOE/EE-2465
url: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/ES-EE%20Lighting_080921_0.pdf
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-home-doe
used on: /residential-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: 2021 consumer guide; efficiency comparisons are contextual, not guaranteed savings for a project.

U.S. Department of Energy · Energy 101: Daylighting

id: source-4b00c766a549
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Energy 101: Daylighting
url: https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-101-daylighting
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-home-daylight
used on: /residential-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Lighting Ergonomics: Checklist

id: source-c4fd6b6136e4
title: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Lighting Ergonomics: Checklist
url: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/lighting/lighting_checklist.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-work-checklist
used on: /workplace-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Lighting Ergonomics: Survey and Solutions

id: source-2c589bcf4a95
title: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Lighting Ergonomics: Survey and Solutions
url: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/lighting/lighting_survey.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-work-survey
used on: /workplace-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Qualitative survey guidance used; instrument definitions and numerical recommendations are not copied.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Office Ergonomics: Eye Discomfort in the Office

id: source-a4766b76e3de
title: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety · Office Ergonomics: Eye Discomfort in the Office
url: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/eye_discomfort.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: ap-work-eyes
used on: /workplace-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public primary-source scope or guidance; no protected numerical tables reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society — FIRES · In Defense of Lighting Quality

id: source-44dbcd998682
title: Illuminating Engineering Society — FIRES · In Defense of Lighting Quality
url: https://ies.org/fires/in-defense-of-lighting-quality/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-quality
used on: /lighting-quality.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Author commentary, not a consensus standard; quantity and quality distinction.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Discomfort glare

id: source-479e8bda4b12
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Discomfort glare
url: https://ies.org/definitions/discomfort-glare/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-discomfort
glare-discomfort
used on: /glare.html
/lighting-quality.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Search-index definition verified; direct retrieval timed out.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Illuminance Selector: FAQs

id: source-27ecc2532ee8
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Illuminance Selector: FAQs
url: https://ies.org/standards/lighting-library/illuminance-selector-faqs/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-selector
used on: /lighting-quality.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Recommendations depend on task, planes, maintained conditions and accompanying notes; database is not transferable.

U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaires

id: source-9338ab351836
title: U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaires
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-and-industrial-led-luminaires
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-femp
used on: /lighting-energy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: June 2023 guidance; criteria are product-category and federal-program specific, not universal targets.

U.S. Department of Energy · Uniform Methods Project: Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures

id: source-ecddd7bd6f66
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Uniform Methods Project: Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/buildings/uniform-methods-project-determining-energy-efficiency-savings-specific-measures
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-ump
used on: /lighting-energy.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Contains separate commercial lighting and lighting controls evaluation protocol links.

U.S. Department of Energy · Lighting Controls Solutions

id: source-7b0145890d3a
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Lighting Controls Solutions
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/lighting-controls-solutions
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-controls
used on: /commissioning.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Configuration complexity and field evaluation matter; describes objective-based selection.

Illuminating Engineering Society · LP-16, Documenting Control Intent Narratives and Sequence of Operations

id: source-387845d1d2c9
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · LP-16, Documenting Control Intent Narratives and Sequence of Operations
url: https://elearning.ies.org/products/lp-16-documenting-control-intent-narratives-and-sequence-of-operations
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-lp16
used on: /commissioning.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Only public scope used, not paid webinar or standard contents.

U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Using Measurement and Verification to Manage Risk in Federal Energy- and Water-Saving Projects

id: source-5015d92a9a1f
title: U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Using Measurement and Verification to Manage Risk in Federal Energy- and Water-Saving Projects
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/using-measurement-and-verification-manage-risk-federal-energy-and-water-saving-projects
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-mv
used on: /commissioning.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Distinguishes usage and performance risks and the consequences of stipulating operating hours.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted Committee

id: source-1d4c18d1ba56
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/lighting-for-the-aged-and-partially-sighted/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-inclusive
used on: /lighting-accessibility.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Vision, comfort, independence and senior living environment scope.

National Eye Institute — NIH · Low Vision

id: source-d59bbe116708
title: National Eye Institute — NIH · Low Vision
url: https://www.nei.nih.gov/eye-health-information/eye-conditions-and-diseases/low-vision
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-nei
used on: /lighting-accessibility.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Updated November 25, 2025. Conditions vary; aging itself does not cause low vision. Design discussion is not treatment advice.

IES Los Angeles Section · Designing Supportive Environments for the Visually Impaired and Aging: Updates to and Best Practices for Applying RP-28

id: source-f06333afcad8
title: IES Los Angeles Section · Designing Supportive Environments for the Visually Impaired and Aging: Updates to and Best Practices for Applying RP-28
url: https://losangeles.ies.org/event/rp-28/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-la
used on: /lighting-accessibility.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Mentions RP-28-25 and multidisciplinary inclusive design. No numerical standard criteria reproduced.

Illuminating Engineering Society · PS-06-24: IES Position on Legislation and Ordinances for Outdoor Light at Night

id: source-530fca821c17
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · PS-06-24: IES Position on Legislation and Ordinances for Outdoor Light at Night
url: https://ies.org/advocacy/ps-06-24-ies-position-on-legislation-and-ordinances-for-outdoor-light-at-night/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-night
used on: /light-pollution.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Distinguishes light pollution and sky glow; states IES does not endorse or provide specific guidance for lighting ordinances.

DarkSky International — John Barentine · Artificial Light at Night: State of the Science 2026

id: source-120dc4d1a34a
title: DarkSky International — John Barentine · Artificial Light at Night: State of the Science 2026
url: https://zenodo.org/records/20043518
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-alan
used on: /light-pollution.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public abstract verified; only report scope and knowledge-gap framing used, no unsourced causal or health claims.

DarkSky International · Scientific research into light pollution

id: source-e9404e7a99b7
title: DarkSky International · Scientific research into light pollution
url: https://darksky.org/what-we-do/advancing-responsible-outdoor-lighting/research/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-research
used on: /light-pollution.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Near-horizontal emissions finding and ongoing annual synthesis; not the already-used Five Principles page.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (1999); current NLR repository · Procedures for Determining the Performance of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

id: source-ce8a0c179deb
title: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (1999); current NLR repository · Procedures for Determining the Performance of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
url: https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/procedures-for-determining-the-performance-of-stand-alone-photovo-4/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-pvtest
used on: /solar-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: NREL/TP-520-27031, DOI 10.2172/14449. Complete outdoor systems; findings apply only to the tested configuration.

National Laboratory of the Rockies — formerly NREL · PVWatts Calculator — system losses and resource inputs

id: source-37102654dff6
title: National Laboratory of the Rockies — formerly NREL · PVWatts Calculator — system losses and resource inputs
url: https://pvwatts.nlr.gov/pvwatts.php/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-pvwatts
used on: /solar-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Soiling, shading, snow and electrical losses. Tool does not certify standalone lighting reliability.

U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Life Cycle of Photovoltaic Systems: Install and Commission a Photovoltaic System

id: source-02ff2ac91b7e
title: U.S. Department of Energy — FEMP · Life Cycle of Photovoltaic Systems: Install and Commission a Photovoltaic System
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/life-cycle-photovoltaic-systems-install-and-commission-photovoltaic-system
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: practice-pvinstall
used on: /solar-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Public page inspected; structural, site, electrical and commissioning scope used. Grid-connected commissioning references are not presented as standalone street-light requirements.

U.S. Department of Energy · Research & Development

id: source-ffe4991000e2
title: U.S. Department of Energy · Research & Development
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/research-development
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-rd
used on: /future-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Describes remaining SSL efficacy potential and research into light spectrum, amount, distribution, timing and application efficiency. The page links a 2022 roadmap; do not present that roadmap as a 2026 edition or its targets as achieved results.

U.S. Department of Energy / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory · Connected Lighting Systems

id: source-4cce50bf6885
title: U.S. Department of Energy / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory · Connected Lighting Systems
url: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/connected-lighting-systems
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-network
used on: /future-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Describes networked lighting, test-bed work, unresolved value/adoption questions and extension to IT, batteries and EV charging. Supports research direction, not a prediction of universal adoption.

Richard Kelly Grant / IES · Seagram Building — Richard Kelly Grant

id: source-d052d5cc65e3
title: Richard Kelly Grant / IES · Seagram Building — Richard Kelly Grant
url: https://richardkellygrant.org/exhibit/seagram-building/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-kelly-seagram
used on: /richard-kelly.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Original profile derives approximately 100 words from this source; historical lighting arrangement, not current criteria.

Richard Kelly Grant / IES · The Kimbell Art Museum — Richard Kelly Grant

id: source-8203bedf2ed0
title: Richard Kelly Grant / IES · The Kimbell Art Museum — Richard Kelly Grant
url: https://richardkellygrant.org/exhibit/the-kimbell-art-museum/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-kelly-kimbell
used on: /richard-kelly.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Original profile derives approximately 105 words. Shared project attribution retained.

Richard Kelly Grant / IES · Fixture Design — Richard Kelly Grant

id: source-79c8123ccd7c
title: Richard Kelly Grant / IES · Fixture Design — Richard Kelly Grant
url: https://richardkellygrant.org/exhibit/fixture-design/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-kelly-fixtures
used on: /richard-kelly.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Approximately 95 derived words. Names Thompson and Edison Price preserved as collaborators.

Museum of Modern Art · Richard Kelly. Table Lamp. c. 1940

id: source-f0fabf6c3a44
title: Museum of Modern Art · Richard Kelly. Table Lamp. c. 1940
url: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3705
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-kelly-moma
used on: /richard-kelly.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Record supports object date, medium, manufacturer and credit; no image permission assumed.

Yale University Library · Guide to the Richard Kelly Papers, MS 1838

id: source-cb74185b345c
title: Yale University Library · Guide to the Richard Kelly Papers, MS 1838
url: https://ead-pdfs.library.yale.edu/4850.pdf
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-kelly-yale
kelly-yale
used on: /modern-pioneers.html
/richard-kelly.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Only approximately 30 additional biographical words; existing site profile already draws on this source. Creator dates 1910–1977.

International Association of Lighting Designers · In Memoriam: Howard M. Brandston

id: source-8fc7a1000c83
title: International Association of Lighting Designers · In Memoriam: Howard M. Brandston
url: https://www.iald.org/IALD/IALD/News/Howard-M-Brandston-1935-2023.aspx
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-brandston-iald
used on: /howard-brandston.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Approximately 110 derived words. Do not repeat its inconsistent 1967 founding date for IALD; other IALD sources use 1969. Practice 1965, incorporation 1966 resolves apparent founding-year discrepancy.

Illuminating Engineering Society / LD+A · Replica Result

id: source-fd5b368023b9
title: Illuminating Engineering Society / LD+A · Replica Result
url: https://ies.org/lda/replica-result-2/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-brandston-denver
used on: /howard-brandston.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Published 2018-07-11. Approximately 140 derived words; historical account not present-day operating evidence.

Illuminating Engineering Society · IES Medal Award

id: source-0940037d78a0
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · IES Medal Award
url: https://ies.org/about/society-awards/ies-medal-award/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-brandston-medal
used on: /howard-brandston.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Supports 1999 award, not universal endorsement of every view.

National Park Service · New LED Lighting System Will Illuminate Statue of Liberty July 7

id: source-f07e183ae964
title: National Park Service · New LED Lighting System Will Illuminate Statue of Liberty July 7
url: https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/news/new-led-lighting-system-will-illuminate-statue-of-liberty-july-7.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-brandston-liberty
used on: /howard-brandston.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Updated 2015-07-02; approximately 75 derived words. 2015 project attributed to Musco, not Brandston.

Illuminating Engineering Society · Howard Brandston Student Lighting Design Education Grant

id: source-6501e183d820
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · Howard Brandston Student Lighting Design Education Grant
url: https://ies.org/membership/grants-scholarships/howard-brandston-student-lighting-design-education-grant/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-brandston-grant
brandston-grant
used on: /howard-brandston.html
/modern-pioneers.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Only approximately 30 additional derived words beyond existing modern-pioneers profile. Avoid rolling deadlines and monetary amounts.

WNET / PBS · Jennifer Tipton — American Masters Digital Archive

id: source-c3ae895cbd3a
title: WNET / PBS · Jennifer Tipton — American Masters Digital Archive
url: https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/archive/interview/jennifer-tipton/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-tipton-pbs
used on: /jennifer-tipton.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Interview 2007-09-11. Approximately 155 derived words; remembered rehearsals presented as Tipton’s recollections, not an independently verified reconstruction.

Primary Stages · Jennifer Tipton — Primary Stages Off-Broadway Oral History Project

id: source-6d3a72cbbf43
title: Primary Stages · Jennifer Tipton — Primary Stages Off-Broadway Oral History Project
url: https://primarystagesoffcenter.org/interviews/p-t/jennifer-tipton.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-tipton-primary
used on: /jennifer-tipton.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Interview 2017-12-07; approximately 100 derived words. Dated Yale teaching statement superseded by current emerita biography.

American Theatre / Theatre Communications Group · Light on Their Feet: A Conversation With Jennifer Tipton and Sebastián Solórzano Rodríguez

id: source-aed3c965a687
title: American Theatre / Theatre Communications Group · Light on Their Feet: A Conversation With Jennifer Tipton and Sebastián Solórzano Rodríguez
url: https://www.americantheatre.org/2015/07/29/light-on-their-feet-a-conversation-with-jennifer-tipton-and-sebastian-solorzano-rodriguez/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-tipton-conversation
used on: /jennifer-tipton.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Published 2015-07-29; approximately 155 derived words. Interpretations clearly distinguished from participants’ testimony.

Yale University · Jennifer Tipton — David Geffen School of Drama

id: source-0773fbe3a85e
title: Yale University · Jennifer Tipton — David Geffen School of Drama
url: https://www.drama.yale.edu/bios/jennifer-tipton-2/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: designer-tipton-yale
tipton-yale
used on: /jennifer-tipton.html
/modern-pioneers.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Approximately 25 additional derived words; existing site uses this source. Current status Professor Emerita; taught through 2021.

French Ministry of Culture — Le phare de Cordouan · Augustin Fresnel and the celestial lighthouses

id: source-2947b14f84c1
title: French Ministry of Culture — Le phare de Cordouan · Augustin Fresnel and the celestial lighthouses
url: https://cordouan.culture.gouv.fr/en/augustin-fresnel-and-celestial-lighthouses
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: fresnel-celestial
used on: /fresnel-lighthouse.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Institutional account of Fresnel's career, 1819 lighthouse experiments and his 1822 memoir; the memoir is identified through this account, not presented as a newly transcribed original.

French Ministry of Culture — Le phare de Cordouan · Cordouan's first lens

id: source-a23e599083bc
title: French Ministry of Culture — Le phare de Cordouan · Cordouan's first lens
url: https://cordouan.culture.gouv.fr/en/cordouans-first-lens
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: fresnel-cordouan
used on: /fresnel-lighthouse.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Documents installation in July 1823, eight stepped lens panels, clockwork and nested Argand wicks. The page's apparent focal-length unit error is not repeated.

National Park Service — Fire Island National Seashore · History of the 1858 Fire Island Lighthouse 1st Order Fresnel Lens

id: source-8fef45664239
title: National Park Service — Fire Island National Seashore · History of the 1858 Fire Island Lighthouse 1st Order Fresnel Lens
url: https://www.nps.gov/fiis/learn/historyculture/fresnel-lens-history.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: fresnel-fire-island
used on: /fresnel-lighthouse.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Identifies the actual surviving 1858 apparatus, whale-oil lamp, service through 1933 and return and exhibition in 2011.

National Park Service — Channel Islands National Park · Lighthouse — Anacapa Island

id: source-35fbeca89fda
title: National Park Service — Channel Islands National Park · Lighthouse — Anacapa Island
url: https://www.nps.gov/places/000/lighthouse.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: fresnel-anacapa
used on: /fresnel-lighthouse.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes: Documents Chance Brothers lens production, 1932 installation with incandescent source, 1989 replacement and 1993 conservation.

Li et al. · Advanced Functional Materials · Full-Spectrum Carbon Dots Electroluminescent White Light-Emitting Diodes with a Record Color Rendering Index of 94

id: source-b3cd0224c050
title: Li et al. · Advanced Functional Materials · Full-Spectrum Carbon Dots Electroluminescent White Light-Emitting Diodes with a Record Color Rendering Index of 94
url: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202424929
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-carbon-white
used on: /nanocarbon-lighting.html
publication year: 2025
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202424929
access reviewed: Publisher abstract and metadata; full text not reviewed
research notes: White electroluminescence proof of concept. Authors report CRI 94. The abstract does not establish a finished luminaire lifetime or wall-plug efficacy. Material PLQY must not be substituted for complete-device efficiency.

Materials Horizons · RSC · The emergence and prospects of carbon dots with solid-state photoluminescence for light-emitting diodes

id: source-6a24cc9e75a8
title: Materials Horizons · RSC · The emergence and prospects of carbon dots with solid-state photoluminescence for light-emitting diodes
url: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/mh/d3mh01292a
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-carbon-solid
used on: /nanocarbon-lighting.html
publication year: 2024
doi: 10.1039/D3MH01292A
access reviewed: Review abstract retrieved through publisher search; full text retrieval unavailable
research notes: Review identifies aggregation-caused quenching as a practical barrier in solid-state carbon-dot emitters. Scope supports the material-processing challenge, not a universal lifetime or toxicity conclusion.

Nano Letters · ACS · Solution-Processed Near Unit Carbon Dots-Based Deep-Blue Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency over 10%

id: source-6cdcf1ced051
title: Nano Letters · ACS · Solution-Processed Near Unit Carbon Dots-Based Deep-Blue Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency over 10%
url: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06638
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-carbon-blue
used on: /nanocarbon-lighting.html
publication year: 2025
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06638
access reviewed: Publisher title and metadata retrieved; numerical detail restricted to the title
research notes: Deep-blue electroluminescent research. The title reports EQE over 10%; this is not lm/W or a white general-lighting result. No detailed lifetime claim used.

Pyatkov et al. · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

id: source-cf6a7028bde7
title: Pyatkov et al. · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers
url: https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/8/5
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-carbon-thermal
used on: /nanocarbon-lighting.html
publication year: 2017
doi: 10.3762/bjnano.8.5
access reviewed: Open-access full article, abstract and device discussion
research notes: Electrically heated CNTs coupled to waveguides produced fast optical pulses. Purpose is on-chip optoelectronic signal conversion, not demonstrated efficient room illumination. An older foundational result, not a new 2026 invention.

Zhong et al. · Luminescence · Enhanced chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer using surfactant-modified AIE carbon dots

id: source-17860278d0aa
title: Zhong et al. · Luminescence · Enhanced chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer using surfactant-modified AIE carbon dots
url: https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bio.4827
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-chemical-cret
used on: /chemical-lighting.html
publication year: 2024
doi: 10.1002/bio.4827
access reviewed: Publisher abstract and metadata; full text not reviewed
research notes: Nanoscale donor/acceptor confinement enhanced energy transfer; tested for hydrogen peroxide in rainwater. A sensing experiment, not a reported illumination product or evidence of replenishment-free chemical light.

Zhao, Chen and Zhu · Responsive Materials · Carbon dots in electrochemiluminescence: Mechanisms, interface engineering, and bioanalytical applications

id: source-60a746b8c0c5
title: Zhao, Chen and Zhu · Responsive Materials · Carbon dots in electrochemiluminescence: Mechanisms, interface engineering, and bioanalytical applications
url: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rpm2.70071
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-chemical-ecl
used on: /chemical-lighting.html
publication year: 2026
doi: 10.1002/rpm2.70071
access reviewed: Review: open-access abstract and sections 1–2
research notes: Published 20 July 2026. ECL creates excited states through electrochemical reactions; carbon dots can be emitters, co-reactants and interface participants. Clinical analytical ECL is established, but that does not establish carbon-dot general-lighting readiness.

Iwabayashi et al. · Advanced Materials Interfaces · Carbon Dot-Doped Silica Xerogel Phosphors Excited by Blue LEDs and LDs for the Brilliant White Lighting of Endoscope Tips

id: source-935cb81076be
title: Iwabayashi et al. · Advanced Materials Interfaces · Carbon Dot-Doped Silica Xerogel Phosphors Excited by Blue LEDs and LDs for the Brilliant White Lighting of Endoscope Tips
url: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admi.202401015
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-laser-carbon
used on: /laser-fiber-lighting.html
publication year: 2025
doi: 10.1002/admi.202401015
access reviewed: Open-access full article; sections 2–3 and optical properties table
research notes: External laser, fiber and carbon-dot xerogel tip demonstration. Output 1.15 lm in 400–700 nm relative to 37.3 mW connector input: 30.9 lm/W at this optical boundary. The paper’s 58.4% ratio concerns converter luminous-flux bands, not wall-plug efficiency. Five-year retained sample fluorescence is storage evidence, not continuous powered lifetime.

Nasser et al. · Advanced Optical Materials · White Light Generation From YAG:Ce-Doped Phosphate Glass-Based Composite Fibers

id: source-7578ff0049a3
title: Nasser et al. · Advanced Optical Materials · White Light Generation From YAG:Ce-Doped Phosphate Glass-Based Composite Fibers
url: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adom.202503741
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-laser-fiber
used on: /laser-fiber-lighting.html
publication year: 2026
doi: 10.1002/adom.202503741
access reviewed: Open-access full article; abstract and sections 2–3
research notes: First published 12 January 2026. Composite fiber retains converter emission after drawing. Light propagated up to 4 cm; reported loss is 3–5 dB/cm at 600 nm. This experimental converter fiber must not be confused with ordinary long-distance delivery fiber.

Ding et al. · Nature Photonics · Phase dimensions resolving of efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes at high brightness

id: source-f31cf38d3200
title: Ding et al. · Nature Photonics · Phase dimensions resolving of efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes at high brightness
url: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-023-01372-0
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-perovskite-bright
used on: /perovskite-lighting.html
publication year: 2024
doi: 10.1038/s41566-023-01372-0
access reviewed: Publisher abstract and metadata; subscription full text not reviewed
research notes: Abstract reports EQE 29.5%, T50 18.67 h at 12,000 cd/m², and an equivalent over 50,317 h at 100 cd/m². The low-luminance equivalent must not be described as a directly measured 50,000-hour general-lighting lifetime.

Peng et al. · Nature · Weakly space-confined all-inorganic perovskites for light-emitting diodes

id: source-2851e083e445
title: Peng et al. · Nature · Weakly space-confined all-inorganic perovskites for light-emitting diodes
url: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09137-1
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-perovskite-grains
used on: /perovskite-lighting.html
publication year: 2025
doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09137-1
access reviewed: Publisher abstract, metadata and public extended-data captions; subscription full text not reviewed
research notes: Published 11 June 2025. CsPbBr3 devices reported peak EQE 22.0%; abstract explicitly calls the 185,600 h half-lifetime at initial 100 cd/m² room temperature an extrapolation. Lead-containing, color-specific device research, not finished white luminaire evidence.

Ding et al. · Nature Communications · Minute-scale red phosphorescence in carbon nanodots

id: source-bd058b4c5063
title: Ding et al. · Nature Communications · Minute-scale red phosphorescence in carbon nanodots
url: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-76003-7
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-afterglow-carbon
used on: /afterglow-lighting.html
publication year: 2026
doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-76003-7
access reviewed: Open-access PDF; abstract and results, pages 1–2
research notes: Published 22 July 2026. Authors report fitted phosphorescence lifetime about 353 s and emission persistence over 4,000 s; these are different quantities. Reported phosphorescence quantum yield 2.7%. A passive wearable indicator is a proof of concept, not certified emergency illumination.

Lin et al. · Nature Communications · Blue organic long-persistent luminescence via upconversion from charge-transfer to locally excited singlet state

id: source-fc87f4e5b3d2
title: Lin et al. · Nature Communications · Blue organic long-persistent luminescence via upconversion from charge-transfer to locally excited singlet state
url: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58048-2
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: future-afterglow-blue
used on: /afterglow-lighting.html
publication year: 2025
doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58048-2
access reviewed: Open-access PDF abstract and introduction
research notes: Demonstrates a mechanism for blue organic long-persistent luminescence and discusses signaling/bioimaging relevance. Do not infer required emergency light levels, guaranteed duration in a building or health benefits.

Royal Institution · Michael Faraday’s generator

id: source-e165ddafbd8b
title: Royal Institution · Michael Faraday’s generator
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-generator
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: tl-faraday
faraday_generator
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
/michael-faraday.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

Illuminating Engineering Society · History of the IES

id: source-7c5bf2984af9
title: Illuminating Engineering Society · History of the IES
url: https://ies.org/about/history/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: tl-ies
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

CIE · About the CIE

id: source-5caa08b1ed0b
title: CIE · About the CIE
url: https://www.cie.co.at/about-cie
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: tl-cie
used on: /lighting-timeline.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed
research notes

National Park Service · Whale Products

id: source-401c0358bfbf
title: National Park Service · Whale Products
url: https://www.nps.gov/nebe/learn/historyculture/whaleproducts.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-whale-products
used on: /whale-oil-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes

New Bedford Whaling Museum · Whales and Hunting

id: source-9e41c36e5d2e
title: New Bedford Whaling Museum · Whales and Hunting
url: https://www.whalingmuseum.org/research/research-resources/whaling-history/whales-and-hunting/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-whale-hunting
used on: /whale-oil-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes

Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Whale Oil Lamp

id: source-2ee23c736ea8
title: Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Whale Oil Lamp
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_317916
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-whale-lamp
used on: /whale-oil-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: Institutional search extract supports replacement by petroleum products; direct page retrieval returned an error.

National Park Service · Rodman Candleworks

id: source-841bda61e644
title: National Park Service · Rodman Candleworks
url: https://www.nps.gov/places/rodman-candleworks.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-candleworks
used on: /whale-oil-lighting.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: Public institutional search extract reviewed.

Chrysanthi Stockwell · IES LD+A · History Speaks

id: source-418af312ba03
title: Chrysanthi Stockwell · IES LD+A · History Speaks
url: https://ies.org/lda/history-speaks/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-historic-ies
used on: /historic-lighting-preservation.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: 2025 professional case discussion, not a normative IES standard.

National Park Service · Mammoth Hot Spring Historic District Acorn Lights Improvement Project

id: source-7d07ba898577
title: National Park Service · Mammoth Hot Spring Historic District Acorn Lights Improvement Project
url: https://www.nps.gov/articles/mammoth_acorn_lights.htm
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-historic-nps
used on: /historic-lighting-preservation.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: Used for project criteria; its broad claim about a 2008 lamp ban is not adopted.

National Park Service · Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures

id: source-22c618d222dc
title: National Park Service · Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures
url: https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?ProjectID=33737
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-ahwahnee
used on: /historic-lighting-preservation.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes

IES · Museum and Art Gallery Lighting Committee

id: source-08f3c4540bec
title: IES · Museum and Art Gallery Lighting Committee
url: https://ies.org/committee/museum-and-art-gallery-lighting/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-museum
used on: /historic-lighting-preservation.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: Committee scope only; not a claim to reproduce the full standard.

Maurice Dessertenne · Nouveau Larousse Illustré · Wikimedia Commons · Éclairage, circa 1900

id: source-4a5d292cd235
title: Maurice Dessertenne · Nouveau Larousse Illustré · Wikimedia Commons · Éclairage, circa 1900
url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eclairage.jpg
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-05
citation keys: archive-plate
used on: /historic-lighting-preservation.html
publication year: Not recorded
doi: Not recorded
access reviewed: Public institutional page or source record
research notes: Public-domain historical plate. Its depictions are not photographs or independently verified dates for every illustrated object.

IES · Not a Wink of Sleep · April 18, 2017

id: source-b5576bae0e26
title: IES · Not a Wink of Sleep · April 18, 2017
url: https://ies.org/lda/not-a-wink-of-sleep-2/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-2017
used on: /james-highgate.html
/modern-pioneers.html

IES · Retail Revisited · January 22, 2026

id: source-efbdcbb401ee
title: IES · Retail Revisited · January 22, 2026
url: https://ies.org/lda/retail-revisited/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-2026
used on: /james-highgate.html
/modern-pioneers.html

James Highgate · Quiet Sales Success · author website

id: source-3206271ecebd
title: James Highgate · Quiet Sales Success · author website
url: https://www.quietsalesbook.com/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-author
used on: /james-highgate.html

Leadsun USA · official team page

id: source-493dbed64f33
title: Leadsun USA · official team page
url: https://www.leadsun-us.com/about
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-current
used on: /james-highgate.html

Royal Institution · Michael Faraday (1791–1867)

id: source-6c3252a83f55
title: Royal Institution · Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/person/michael-faraday-1791-1867
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: faraday_bio
used on: /michael-faraday.html

Royal Institution · The birth of electric motion

id: source-fd8e02f6431a
title: Royal Institution · The birth of electric motion
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/blog/birth-electric-motion
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: faraday_motor
used on: /michael-faraday.html

Royal Institution · Michael Faraday's ring-coil apparatus

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title: Royal Institution · Michael Faraday's ring-coil apparatus
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: faraday_ring
used on: /michael-faraday.html

Royal Institution · Michael Faraday's magneto-optical apparatus

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title: Royal Institution · Michael Faraday's magneto-optical apparatus
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: faraday_optics
used on: /michael-faraday.html

Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's Patents

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title: Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's Patents
url: https://tesla-museum.org/en/nikola-tesla-2/patents/
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_patents
used on: /nikola-tesla.html

Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's Lectures

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title: Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's Lectures
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_lectures
used on: /nikola-tesla.html

Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's 500 KV Oscillating Transformer

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title: Nikola Tesla Museum · Tesla's 500 KV Oscillating Transformer
url: https://tesla-museum.org/en/qr-en/exhibit-042/
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_coil
used on: /nikola-tesla.html

Nikola Tesla Museum · Induction motor, patent No.382.279

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title: Nikola Tesla Museum · Induction motor, patent No.382.279
url: https://tesla-museum.org/en/qr-en/exhibit-031/
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_motor
used on: /nikola-tesla.html

National Museum of American History, Smithsonian · Lighting A Revolution: Script for Consequences of19th Century Lighting

id: source-605eacdaf187
title: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian · Lighting A Revolution: Script for Consequences of19th Century Lighting
url: https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/scripts/s19e.htm
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_grid
used on: /nikola-tesla.html

United States patent facsimile hosted by German Patent and Trade Mark Office · US454622A System of Electric Lighting

id: source-1b49a35237e3
title: United States patent facsimile hosted by German Patent and Trade Mark Office · US454622A System of Electric Lighting
url: https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/2021/us454622a_electrlightingerstesteslacoilpatent.pdf
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tesla_patent1891
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Royal Institution · Humphry Davy's miners' safety lamp

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title: Royal Institution · Humphry Davy's miners' safety lamp
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/humphry-davys-miners-safety-lamp
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: davy_lamp
used on: /humphry-davy.html

Royal Institution · The life-saving lamp: Humphry Davy's fight against firedamp

id: source-30441c9a7efc
title: Royal Institution · The life-saving lamp: Humphry Davy's fight against firedamp
url: https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/blog/life-saving-lamp-humphry-davys-fight-against-firedamp
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: davy_story
used on: /humphry-davy.html

Royal Society Archives · Drawings, miners' safety lamp byHumphry Davy,1815

id: source-99dfd3340c8e
title: Royal Society Archives · Drawings, miners' safety lamp byHumphry Davy,1815
url: https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/pt_73_5_1/drawings-miners-safety-lamp-by-humphry-davy
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: davy_drawings
used on: /humphry-davy.html

Science Museum Group · Joseph Wilson Swan1828–1914

id: source-e4eb91dc11d8
title: Science Museum Group · Joseph Wilson Swan1828–1914
url: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp31078
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: swan_collection
used on: /swan-and-edison.html

Science Museum Group · Swan electric lamp

id: source-746664906afc
title: Science Museum Group · Swan electric lamp
url: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co42487/swan-electric-lamp
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: swan_lamp
used on: /swan-and-edison.html

National Park Service · Edison Biography

id: source-61e0c9f3f73c
title: National Park Service · Edison Biography
url: https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/edison-biography.htm
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: edison_nps
used on: /swan-and-edison.html

Thomas A.Edison Papers,Rutgers University · 1882

id: source-5925812906ca
title: Thomas A.Edison Papers,Rutgers University · 1882
url: https://edison.rutgers.edu/edit-chronology/chronology-details/1881---1890/1882
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: edison_chronology
used on: /swan-and-edison.html

Nobel Prize · The2014 Nobel Prize in Physics—Press release

id: source-19e81160299a
title: Nobel Prize · The2014 Nobel Prize in Physics—Press release
url: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/press-release/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: blue_nobel
blue-nobel
used on: /blue-led-pioneers.html
/modern-pioneers.html

Japan Science and Technology Agency · Succeeded in the practical implementation of blue light-emitting diode!

id: source-f9052cf894e4
title: Japan Science and Technology Agency · Succeeded in the practical implementation of blue light-emitting diode!
url: https://www.jst.go.jp/EN/achievements/research/isamu_akasaki2016.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: blue_jst
used on: /blue-led-pioneers.html

Shuji Nakamura,Reviews of Modern Physics2015 · Background story of the invention of efficient blue InGaN light emitting diodes (Nobel Lecture)

id: source-3cda0ecf1281
title: Shuji Nakamura,Reviews of Modern Physics2015 · Background story of the invention of efficient blue InGaN light emitting diodes (Nobel Lecture)
url: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1139
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: blue_nakamura_lecture
used on: /blue-led-pioneers.html

Talent — Lighting Design Alliance

id: source-2c937e4e171c
title: Talent — Lighting Design Alliance
url: https://www.lightingdesignalliance.com/talent/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: chip-firm
used on: /chip-israel.html
/modern-pioneers.html

Chip Israel — Illuminating Engineering Society

id: source-7d41e1053b87
title: Chip Israel — Illuminating Engineering Society
url: https://ies.org/contributor/chip-israel/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: chip-ies
used on: /chip-israel.html

120 Candles, Minimal Flicker — An Education Authority, by Chip Israel

id: source-04776d354748
title: 120 Candles, Minimal Flicker — An Education Authority, by Chip Israel
url: https://ies.org/lda/120-candles-minimal-flicker/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: chip-2026
used on: /chip-israel.html
/modern-pioneers.html

Salas O’Brien welcomes Lighting Design Alliance

id: source-dc2ffa48d6fd
title: Salas O’Brien welcomes Lighting Design Alliance
url: https://salasobrien.com/news/lighting-design-alliance/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: chip-merger
used on: /chip-israel.html

Good Grief, It’s Howard Brandston — IES LD+A

id: source-d64628583f73
title: Good Grief, It’s Howard Brandston — IES LD+A
url: https://ies.org/lda/good-grief-its-howard-brandston-2/
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source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: brandston-ies
used on: /modern-pioneers.html

In Memoriam: Howard M. Brandston — IALD

id: source-36cb3370b3ff
title: In Memoriam: Howard M. Brandston — IALD
url: https://iald.org/IALD/IALD/News/Howard-M-Brandston-1935-2023.aspx
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: brandston-iald
used on: /modern-pioneers.html

Jennifer Tipton — MacArthur Foundation, Classof2008

id: source-f1f6686d0c56
title: Jennifer Tipton — MacArthur Foundation, Classof2008
url: https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2008/jennifer-tipton
publisher
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reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: tipton-macarthur
used on: /modern-pioneers.html

Shuji Nakamura — Facts, NobelPrize.org

id: source-87538a415b9d
title: Shuji Nakamura — Facts, NobelPrize.org
url: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/nakamura/facts/
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reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: nakamura-nobel
used on

IES · Louis B. Marks Award · 2025 recipient

id: source-8e3b20c0a461
title: IES · Louis B. Marks Award · 2025 recipient
url: https://ies.org/about/society-awards/louis-b-marks-award/
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reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: chip-marks
used on: /chip-israel.html

James Highgate · LinkedIn public profile · self-reported professional record

id: source-8c0deb7400d3
title: James Highgate · LinkedIn public profile · self-reported professional record
url: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jameshighgate/
publisher
source type: Self-reported public professional profile
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-linkedin
used on: /james-highgate.html
access reviewed: Public search extraction; direct profile returned an access error. Complete Skills and Projects tabs not exposed.

LightFair · 2023 Show Directory · LaserLight conference session

id: source-8f34762009ac
title: LightFair · 2023 Show Directory · LaserLight conference session
url: https://3787139.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/3787139/2023/2023%20Show%20Directory.pdf
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-laser-program
used on: /james-highgate.html

RIGID Industries · 2023 SEMA future-lighting panel announcement

id: source-32fd3a5c39b0
title: RIGID Industries · 2023 SEMA future-lighting panel announcement
url: https://www.rigidindustries.com/blog/mitch-williams-sema-future-of-lighting.html
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-sema
used on: /james-highgate.html

User-provided biographical note · laser and fiber lighting · October 4, 2026

id: source-c08fc028d199
title: User-provided biographical note · laser and fiber lighting · October 4, 2026
url: /data/highgate-contribution.json
publisher
source type: User-provided biographical statement
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: highgate-fiber-account
used on: /james-highgate.html
research notes: Laser and fiber work asserted by the user. Specific project roles, dates, patents and journal authorship are not established by this account.

luminous flux

id: source-09140784fe35
title: luminous flux
url: https://ies.org/definitions/luminous-flux/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: photometry-flux
used on: /lighting-science.html

illuminance

id: source-7805ebde8d8d
title: illuminance
url: https://ies.org/definitions/illuminance/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: photometry-illuminance
used on: /lighting-science.html
/vision.html

lux

id: source-0ba939659e85
title: lux
url: https://ies.org/definitions/lux/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: photometry-lux
used on: /lighting-science.html
/tools.html

luminous intensity

id: source-2bb4c9625806
title: luminous intensity
url: https://ies.org/definitions/luminous-intensity/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: photometry-intensity
used on: /lighting-science.html
/photometry.html
/tools.html

luminance

id: source-0e0a106f2b32
title: luminance
url: https://ies.org/definitions/luminance/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: photometry-luminance
perception-brightness
used on: /lighting-science.html
/vision.html

photopic vision

id: source-170bc1877638
title: photopic vision
url: https://ies.org/definitions/photopic-vision/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: vision-photopic
used on: /vision.html

scotopic vision

id: source-73ff7fe76802
title: scotopic vision
url: https://ies.org/definitions/scotopic-vision/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: vision-scotopic
used on: /vision.html

mesopic vision

id: source-f249fe4c7c9f
title: mesopic vision
url: https://ies.org/definitions/mesopic-vision/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: vision-mesopic
used on: /vision.html

correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source

id: source-09a600f58cd9
title: correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source
url: https://ies.org/definitions/correlated-color-temperature-cct-of-a-light-source/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: color-cct
used on: /color.html

Technical Memorandum: IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition

id: source-17bd9f7418af
title: Technical Memorandum: IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition
url: https://store.ies.org/product/technical-memorandum-ies-method-for-evaluating-light-source-color-rendition/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: color-tm30
TM-30
used on: /color.html

Technical Memorandum: IES Method for Determining Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and Distance from the Planckian Locus of Light Sources

id: source-0cb8004cfe16
title: Technical Memorandum: IES Method for Determining Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and Distance from the Planckian Locus of Light Sources
url: https://store.ies.org/product/technical-memorandum-ies-method-for-determining-correlated-color-temperature-cct-and-distance-from-the-planckian-locus-of-light/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: color-tm40
used on: /color.html

disability glare

id: source-599ae268f5d2
title: disability glare
url: https://ies.org/definitions/disability-glare/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: glare-disability
used on: /glare.html

unified glare rating, UGR

id: source-d10eca77736d
title: unified glare rating, UGR
url: https://ies.org/definitions/unified-glare-rating-ugr/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: glare-ugr
used on: /glare.html

flicker

id: source-678d11a5ff1b
title: flicker
url: https://ies.org/definitions/flicker/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: temporal-light
used on: /controls.html
/glare.html

Designing and Specifying Daylighting for Buildings

id: source-504fcf7ec267
title: Designing and Specifying Daylighting for Buildings
url: https://store.ies.org/product/lp-3-20-lighting-practice-designing-and-specifying-daylighting-for-buildings/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: daylight-design
daylight-integration
LP-3
used on: /daylighting.html

Level 3: Codes, Controls, Compliance – Elements of Successful Lighting Control Designs

id: source-b771e8d5abf4
title: Level 3: Codes, Controls, Compliance – Elements of Successful Lighting Control Designs
url: https://elearning.ies.org/products/level-3-codes-controls-compliance-elements-of-successful-lighting-control-designs
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: controls-strategies
used on: /controls.html

tunable white

id: source-afd11b4207f8
title: tunable white
url: https://ies.org/definitions/tunable-white/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: controls-tunable
used on: /color.html
/controls.html

ANSI/IES LM-79-24 · Optical and Electrical Measurements of Solid State Lighting Products

id: source-76a1ba80b25b
title: ANSI/IES LM-79-24 · Optical and Electrical Measurements of Solid State Lighting Products
url: https://store.ies.org/product/optical-and-electrical-measurements-of-solid-state-lighting-products/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: LM-79
used on: /lighting-design.html
/lighting-science.html
/photometry.html

ANSI/IES LM-80-21 · Measuring Maintenance of Light Output Characteristics of Solid-State Light Sources

id: source-5a7b27802db7
title: ANSI/IES LM-80-21 · Measuring Maintenance of Light Output Characteristics of Solid-State Light Sources
url: https://store.ies.org/product/lm-80-21-measuring-maintenance-of-light-output-characteristics-of-solid-state-light-sources/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: LM-80
used on: /maintenance.html

ANSI/IES TM-21-21 · Projecting Long-Term Luminous, Photon, and Radiant Flux Maintenance of LED Light Sources

id: source-db686e493854
title: ANSI/IES TM-21-21 · Projecting Long-Term Luminous, Photon, and Radiant Flux Maintenance of LED Light Sources
url: https://store.ies.org/product/tm-21-21-projecting-long-term-luminous-photon-and-radiant-flux-maintenance-of-led-light-sources/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: TM-21
used on: /maintenance.html

ANSI/IES LM-63-19(R25) · IES Standard File Format for the Electronic Transfer of Photometric Data and Related Information

id: source-c04c018b85a8
title: ANSI/IES LM-63-19(R25) · IES Standard File Format for the Electronic Transfer of Photometric Data and Related Information
url: https://store.ies.org/product/approved-method-ies-standard-file-format-for-the-electronic-transfer-of-photometric-data-and-related-information/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: LM-63
used on: /lighting-design.html
/photometry.html

ANSI/IES TM-15-20 · Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires

id: source-ba3a8d7c1cb7
title: ANSI/IES TM-15-20 · Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires
url: https://store.ies.org/product/tm-15-20-technical-memorandum-luminaire-classification-system-for-outdoor-luminaires/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: TM-15
used on: /outdoor.html

ANSI/IES RP-8-25+E2 · Lighting Roadway and Parking Facilities

id: source-50df984040d5
title: ANSI/IES RP-8-25+E2 · Lighting Roadway and Parking Facilities
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-roadway-and-parking-facilities/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-8
used on: /applications.html
/lighting-design.html
/outdoor.html

ANSI/IES RP-1-24 · Lighting Office Spaces

id: source-cbccc8d11219
title: ANSI/IES RP-1-24 · Lighting Office Spaces
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-office-spaces/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-1
used on: /applications.html
/lighting-design.html

ANSI/IES RP-6-24 · Lighting Sports and Recreational Areas

id: source-59862425dd31
title: ANSI/IES RP-6-24 · Lighting Sports and Recreational Areas
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-sports-and-recreational-areas/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-6
used on: /applications.html

ANSI/IES RP-28-25 · Lighting and the Visual Environment for Older Adults and the Visually Impaired

id: source-1ce650b69891
title: ANSI/IES RP-28-25 · Lighting and the Visual Environment for Older Adults and the Visually Impaired
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-and-the-visual-environment-for-older-adults-and-the-visually-impaired/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-28
used on: /applications.html
/vision.html

ANSI/IES RP-3-26 · Lighting Educational Facilities

id: source-9e429eca7f28
title: ANSI/IES RP-3-26 · Lighting Educational Facilities
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-educational-facilities/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-3
used on: /applications.html

ANSI/IES RP-29-25 · Lighting Hospital and Healthcare Facilities

id: source-a8c0af824059
title: ANSI/IES RP-29-25 · Lighting Hospital and Healthcare Facilities
url: https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-lighting-hospital-and-healthcare-facilities/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: RP-29
used on: /applications.html

ANSI/IES LM-83-23 · IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)

id: source-ca78d5451ca5
title: ANSI/IES LM-83-23 · IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)
url: https://store.ies.org/product/approved-method-ies-spatial-daylight-autonomy-sda-and-annual-sunlight-exposure-ase/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: LM-83
used on: /daylighting.html

ANSI/IES LP-6-25 · Lighting Control Systems – Properties, Selection, and Specification

id: source-4fcc3138f6cd
title: ANSI/IES LP-6-25 · Lighting Control Systems – Properties, Selection, and Specification
url: https://store.ies.org/product/lighting-practice-lighting-control-systems-properties-selection-and-specification/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: LP-6
used on: /controls.html
/lighting-design.html

DarkSky + IES · Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting

id: source-30b7d3025723
title: DarkSky + IES · Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting
url: https://darksky.org/resources/guides-and-how-tos/lighting-principles/
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: outdoor-principles
used on: /outdoor.html

IALD · About the Certified Lighting Designer program

id: source-a7f2e330c9d9
title: IALD · About the Certified Lighting Designer program
url: https://www.iald.org/CLD/About.aspx
publisher
source type: primary reference
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: authority-iald
used on: /source-desk.html

Fat: experimental stone lamp

id: source-b4d36d3e300c
title: Fat: experimental stone lamp
url: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250497
publisher: Medina-Alcaide et al. (2021), PLOS ONE 16(6): e0250497, Figure 7
source type: documentary image record
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: image-stage-2
used on: /modern.html
/reference.html
reuse rights: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0; credit original authors and publication

Candle: a flame shaped by gravity

id: source-00fae6407b34
title: Candle: a flame shaped by gravity
url: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/candle-flames-3/
publisher: NASA
source type: documentary image record
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: image-stage-3
used on: /modern.html
/reference.html
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Incandescent: the standard lamp

id: source-d7ceee897e33
title: Incandescent: the standard lamp
url: https://www.nist.gov/image/1948candelastandardlampjpg
publisher: NIST
source type: documentary image record
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: image-stage-4
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LED: the semiconductor source

id: source-d84b13b67bb8
title: LED: the semiconductor source
url: https://www.nist.gov/image/ledlightingjpg
publisher: NIST; reference 08PHY014
source type: documentary image record
reviewed on: 2026-10-04
citation keys: image-stage-5
used on: /modern.html
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reuse rights: NIST public information may be copied and distributed except material marked copyrighted; image credits requested